Space-time patterns and drivers of migrant bird communities in coastal Piauí State, Brazil

Introduction: Migration is a natural phenomenon that includes annual movements of many bird species in response to seasonal cycles. With approximately one third of all living bird species, South America has an important avifauna, and many migrants land in Brazil at stopping points and wintering sites. Objective: To identify associations between migrant birds and coastal vegetation, and environmental influence of on migration. Methods: At 10 points along the coast of Piauí State, Brazil, we made visual censuses and mist net captures, between April 2009 and February 2016. Results: We identified 82 migrant bird species (13 orders; 28 families) that represented 41 intracontinental migrating species, 26 northern visiting species, 14 nomad species and one vagrant species. The richness peaks were at the beginning and end of both dry and rainy seasons, matching insolation and atmospheric pressure. There were spatial pattern differences among vegetation complexes. Chrysolampis mosquitus is an indicator of caatinga vegetation, Numenius phaeopus of wetland, Charadrius collaris of non-flooding fields, Rostrhamus sociabilis of forest-grassland transition, and Columbina picui of orchards. Despite differences in number and species composition within vegetation types, the temporal pattern in species richness was similar among flooded fields, non-flooded fields, and transition grassland categories. Conclusions: Migrant birds occupy specific environments during their permanence along the coast of Piauí State, with richness matching insolation and atmospheric pressure.

Introducción: La migración es un fenómeno natural que incluye los movimientos anuales de muchas especies de aves en respuesta a los ciclos estacionales. Con aproximadamente un tercio de todas las especies de aves conocidas, América del Sur tiene una avifauna importante y muchas aves migratorias tienen puntos de parada e invernada en Brasil. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre las aves migratorias y la vegetación costera, y la influencia del medio ambiente en la migración. Métodos: En 10 puntos a lo largo de la costa del Estado de Piauí, Brasil, realizamos censos visuales y capturas con redes de niebla, entre abril 2009 y febrero 2016. Resultados: Identificamos 82 especies de aves migratorias (13 órdenes; 28 familias) que representaron 41 especies migratorias intracontinentales, 26 especies visitantes del norte, 14 especies nómadas y una especie vagante. Los picos de riqueza se dieron al principio y al final de las estaciones seca y lluviosa, coincidiendo con la insolación y la presión atmosférica. Hubo diferencias en el patrón espacial entre los complejos de vegetación. Chrysolampis mosquitus es un indicador de vegetación de caatinga, Numenius phaeopus de humedales, Charadrius collaris de campos que no se inundan, Rostrhamus sociabilis de transición bosque-pastizales y Columbina picui de huertos. A pesar de las diferencias en el número y composición de especies dentro de los tipos de vegetación, el patrón temporal en la riqueza de especies fue similar entre las categorías de campos inundados, campos no inundados y pastizales de transición. Conclusiones: Las aves migratorias ocupan ambientes específicos durante su permanencia a lo largo de la costa del estado de Piauí, con una riqueza acorde con la insolación y la presión atmosférica.

Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba Delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil

Local inhabitants retain a vast knowledge about the bird richness surrounding them, as well as many of their ethological and ecological aspects, and can identify the importance of those birds to the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. The present study sought to document the traditional knowledge retained by members of the Labino community concerning the avifauna of the Delta do Rio Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area (APA), Piauí State, Brazil. We interviewed 76 male (51% of the sample) and 74 female (49%) residents. The interviewees indicated the occurrence of 97 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 40 families. Men could identify more bird species than women. Older individuals recognize more bird species than younger members of the community. Individuals with less schooling demonstrated greater knowledge of species richness than those with more formal educations. A very significant percentage (45%, n = 68) of the interviewees reported consuming native birds, principally Aramides cajaneus, Columbina squammata, and Zenaida auriculata. A total of 48 species were perceived as having their populations reduced in recent years, principally Mimus gilvus, Icterus jamacaii, Aramides cajaneus, Turdus rufiventris, and Cacicus cela. The residents of the Labino community were therefore found to have a detailed knowledge of the local avifauna and perceived impacts caused mainly by hunting in the Parnaiba River Delta region.

Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba Delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil

Local inhabitants retain a vast knowledge about the bird richness surrounding them, as well as many of their ethological and ecological aspects, and can identify the importance of those birds to the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. The present study sought to document the traditional knowledge retained by members of the Labino community concerning the avifauna of the Delta do Rio Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area (APA), Piauí State, Brazil. We interviewed 76 male (51% of the sample) and 74 female (49%) residents. The interviewees indicated the occurrence of 97 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 40 families. Men could identify more bird species than women. Older individuals recognize more bird species than younger members of the community. Individuals with less schooling demonstrated greater knowledge of species richness than those with more formal educations. A very significant percentage (45%, n = 68) of the interviewees reported consuming native birds, principally Aramides cajaneus, Columbina squammata, and Zenaida auriculata. A total of 48 species were perceived as having their populations reduced in recent years, principally Mimus gilvus, Icterus jamacaii, Aramides cajaneus, Turdus rufiventris, and Cacicus cela. The residents of the Labino community were therefore found to have a detailed knowledge of the local avifauna and perceived impacts caused mainly by hu

Cranial osteology of the genus Sclerurus (Passeriformes: Furnariidae) / Osteología craneal comparativa en el género Sclerurus (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Abstract:The Furnariidae encompasses 293 species and has been recognized as an example of continental adaptive radiation. They inhabit biomes from deserts to humid forests at all strata and show morphological heterogeneity unparalleled among birds at any taxonomic level. Sclerurus is a uniform genus of cryptic, mainly dark brown furnariids, with short black tails which are found solitary on or near the ground inside humid forest. The aim of the present study was to describe and to compare the cranial osteology of all six Sclerurus species (S. scansor, S. mexicanus, S. guatemalensis, S. caudacutus, S. rufigularis, and S. albigularis) to identify osteological characters that are (1) unique to each species, (2) shared among species, and (3) that are exclusive to the genus when compared to other members of Furnariidae. For this, bone structures and measurements were done following standard methodologies. The results showed that Sclerurus differs from other Furnariidae in the following characteristics: a narrowed caudal portion of the nostril with a more rounded shape allowing upper's jaw greater mobility, used when foraging on soft substrates; the development of the post-orbital process may be related to digging behavior, as the presence of a short parsphenoid rostrum projection, a reduced cerebellar prominence, and the tapered caudal portion of the nostrils. Among the species, the interorbital width is larger in S. caudacutus and S. rufigularis, than in the remaining species. The development of the post-orbital process may be related to the behavior of digging nests in earthen banks; the narrowing of the caudal portion of the nostril allows for the greater mobility of the superior maxilla, which is used by Sclerurus when foraging in soft substrates on forest grounds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1155-1170. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenLa familia Furnariidae está compuesta por 293 especies y ha sido reconocida como un ejemplo de la adaptación continental a la radiación. Habitan biomas de desiertos a bosques húmedos en todos los estratos y muestran heterogeneidad morfológica sin precedentes entre las aves de cualquier nivel taxonómico. Sclerurus es un género uniforme de crípticos, principalmente furnáridos café oscuro con colas negras cortas, que pueden ser encontrados solitarios o cerca del suelo dentro del bosque húmedo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir y comparar la osteología craneal de las seis especies de Sclerurus (S. scansor, S. mexicanus, S. guatemalensis, S. caudacutus, S. rufigularis y S. albigularis) para identificar los caracteres osteológicos que son (1) únicos de cada especie, (2) compartidos entre las especies, y (3) exclusivos de género cuando se comparan con otros miembros de Furnariidae. Los resultados mostraron que Sclerurus difiere de otro Furnariidae en las siguientes características: un estrechamiento de la porción caudal de la fosa nasal con una forma más redondeada que permite una mayor movilidad de la mandíbula superior, usada durante la recolección de sustratos blandos; el desarrollo del proceso post-orbital puede estar relacionado con el comportamiento de excavación así como la presencia de una corta proyección "parsphenoid rostrum", una reducida prominencia cerebelar, y una cónica porción caudal de las fosas nasales. Entre las especies, la anchura interorbital es mayor en S.caudacutus y S.rufigularis, que en las especies restantes. El desarrollo del proceso post-orbital puede estar asociado con el comportamiento de excavación de nidos en los bancos de barro; el estrechamiento en la porción caudal de la fosa nasal permite una mayor movilidad del maxilar superior, que es usado por el Sclerurus cuando se alimenta de sustratos blandos en suelos forestales.

Caracterização morfológica do trato gastrointestinal de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500® / Morphological characterization of the gastrointestinal tract of Cobb 500® broilers

Caracterizou-se morfologicamente o tubo digestório de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500®. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de avicultura do Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, Piauí, em galpão experimental. Foram utilizados oito animais aos quarenta e seis dias de idade, e avaliou-se as características morfológicas macroscópica a partir da mensuração dos órgãos do tubo digestório, essas foram avaliadas através de análise estatística descritiva e análise correlação de Pearson. A avaliação microscópica foi realizada pela análise das lâminas histológicas. Conclui-se que a linhagem Cobb 500® demonstrou estratigrafia tecidual do tubo digestório, composta por quatro túnicas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa, com exceção do esôfago e inglúvio que ao invés de possuir túnica serosa possui a adventícia. No esôfago há presença de glândulas mucosas, e no inglúvio são ausentes. O proventrículo é estruturado por várias glândulas mucosas localizadas na túnica mucosa, que drenam suas secreções em ductos secundários e primários e ao um ducto excretor em direção ao lúmen do órgão. O ventrículo possui um conteúdo queratinóide na túnica mucosa, glândulas gástricas na lâmina própria. No intestino delgado é mais visível a presença de células caliciformes no íleo, porém também estão presentes no duodeno e no jejuno. Em ambos os intestinos delgado e grosso é visível à presença de vilos, que se tornam mais curtos e largos caudalmente ao tubo digestório, apresentam em seus segmentos a presença de tecido linfático difuso e nodular, sendo estes mais evidenciados no intestino grosso.(AU)

This study aimed to describe the morphology of the digestive tract of broilers of the Cobb 500® lineage. The experiment was carried out in an experimental shed of the poultry sector of a Technical College in Bom Jesus county, Piauí, Brazil. The anatomical features of the digestive tract of eight 46-day-old broilers were evaluated with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. Microscopic evaluation was performed by analysis of histological slides. It could be concluded that the Cobb 500® lineage demonstrated tissue stratigraphy of the digestive tube, consisting of four tunics, e.g. mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serosa, with exception of esophagus and crop which instead of a serous tunic has an adventitia tunic. In the esophagus exist mucous glands, but not in crop. In the mucosa of the proventriculus exist various mucous glands, which drain their secretions into secondary and primary ducts, and through an excretory duct into the lumen of the organ. The ventricle contains keratin in mucosa, and gastric glands in the lamina propria. In the ileum goblet cells are evident, but are also present in duodenum and jejunum. In the small and large intestine villi are evident, which become shorter and wider caudally to the digestive tract, with diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue most evident in the large intestine.(AU)

Caracterização morfológica do trato gastrointestinal de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500®

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the morphology of the digestive tract of broilers of the Cobb 500® lineage. The experiment was carried out in an experimental shed of the poultry sector of a Technical College in Bom Jesus county, Piauí, Brazil. The anatomical features of the digestive tract of eight 46-day-old broilers were evaluated with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. Microscopic evaluation was performed by analysis of histological slides. It could be concluded that the Cobb 500® lineage demonstrated tissue stratigraphy of the digestive tube, consisting of four tunics, e.g. mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serosa, with exception of esophagus and crop which instead of a serous tunic has an adventitia tunic. In the esophagus exist mucous glands, but not in crop. In the mucosa of the proventriculus exist various mucous glands, which drain their secretions into secondary and primary ducts, and through an excretory duct into the lumen of the organ. The ventricle contains keratin in mucosa, and gastric glands in the lamina propria. In the ileum goblet cells are evident, but are also present in duodenum and jejunum. In the small and large intestine villi are evident, which become shorter and wider caudally to the digestive tract, with diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue most evident in the large intestine.

Resumo: Caracterizou-se morfologicamente o tubo digestório de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500®. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de avicultura do Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, Piauí, em galpão experimental. Foram utilizados oito animais aos quarenta e seis dias de idade, e avaliou-se as características morfológicas macroscópica a partir da mensuração dos órgãos do tubo digestório, essas foram avaliadas através de análise estatística descritiva e análise correlação de Pearson. A avaliação microscópica foi realizada pela análise das lâminas histológicas. Conclui-se que a linhagem Cobb 500® demonstrou estratigrafia tecidual do tubo digestório, composta por quatro túnicas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa, com exceção do esôfago e inglúvio que ao invés de possuir túnica serosa possui a adventícia. No esôfago há presença de glândulas mucosas, e no inglúvio são ausentes. O proventrículo é estruturado por várias glândulas mucosas localizadas na túnica mucosa, que drenam suas secreções em ductos secundários e primários e ao um ducto excretor em direção ao lúmen do órgão. O ventrículo possui um conteúdo queratinóide na túnica mucosa, glândulas gástricas na lâmina própria. No intestino delgado é mais visível a presença de células caliciformes no íleo, porém também estão presentes no duodeno e no jejuno. Em ambos os intestinos delgado e grosso é visível à presença de vilos, que se tornam mais curtos e largos caudalmente ao tubo digestório, apresentam em seus segmentos a presença de tecido linfático difuso e nodular, sendo estes mais evidenciados no intestino grosso.